| Command |
Description |
|
ac
|
ac prints out a report of connect time, in hours, based
on the logins/logouts in the current wtmp file. A total is also printed
out. |
|
alias
|
alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list
of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments
are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose value is given. A
trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias
substitution when the alias is expanded. For each name in the argument list
for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is
printed. alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has
been defined. |
|
at
|
at and batch read commands from standard input or a
specified file which are to be executed at a later time. at executes
commands at a specified time. atq lists the user’s pending jobs, unless
the user is the superuser; in that case, everybody’s jobs are listed. The
format of the output lines, one for each job,is: Job number; date;hour; and
job class. atrm deletes jobs identified by their job number. batch
executes commands when system load levels permit; in other words,
when the load average drops below 0.8, or the value specified in the
invocation of atrun. |
|
awk
|
Gawk is the GNU Project’s implementation of the AWK
programming language. Gawk - pattern scanning and processing language
|
|
basename
|
Print name with any leading directory components removed. If
specified, also remove a trailing suffix. |
|
bc
|
bc is a calculator that supports arbitrary precision numbers
with interactive execution of statements. |
|
bg
|
Resume the suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it
had been started with &. |
|
break
|
Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop
regardless of the loop condition. |
|
cal
|
cal displays a simple calendar. If arguments are not
specified, the current month is displayed. |
|
cancel
|
Cancel jobs |
|
cat
|
Concatenate files and print on the standard output
|
|
chdir
|
chdir changes the current directory to that specified in
path. |
|
chfn
|
chfn is used to change finger information. This information
is stored in the /etc/passwd file, and is displayed by the finger program.
|
|
chgrp
|
Change the group membership files. |
|
chmod
|
Change file access permissions |
|
chown
|
Change file owner and group |
|
chsh
|
Change the user’s login shell |
|
cksum
|
Checksum and count the bytes in a file |
|
clear
|
Clears the screen, if possible. |
|
cmp
|
The cmp utility compares two files of any type and writes the
results to the standard output. |
|
col
|
Filter reverse line feeds from input |
|
comm
|
Compare two sorted files line by line |
|
compress
|
compress, uncompress, zcat - compress and expand data
|
|
continue
|
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until,
or select loop. |
|
cp
|
Copy files and directories |
|
cpio
|
Copy files to and from archives |
|
crontab
|
Maintain crontab files for individual users |
|
csplit
|
Split a file into sections determined by context lines
|
|
ctags
|
Generate tag files for source code |
|
cut
|
Remove sections from each line of files |
|
date
|
Print or set the system date and time |
|
df
|
Report filesystem disk space usage |
|
diff
|
Find differences between two files |
|
du
|
Estimate file space usage |
|
echo
|
Display a line of text |
|
ed
|
Ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create,
display, modify and manipulate text files. |
|
egrep
|
Grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern
|
|
emacs
|
Text editor |
|
env
|
Run a program in a modified environment |
|
exit
|
Cause the shell to exit |
|
expand
|
Convert tabs in each file to spaces, writing to standard
output. |
|
expr
|
Evaluate and print the value of expression to standard
output |
|
false
|
Exit with a status code indicating failure. |
|
fg
|
Resume job in the foreground, and make it the current job
|
|
fgrep
|
Grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern
|
|
file
|
Determine file type |
|
find
|
Search for files in a directory hierarchy |
|
finger
|
User information lookup program |
|
fmt
|
Simple optimal text formatter |
|
fold
|
Wrap each input line to fit in specified width |
|
ftp
|
Basic file transfer program |
|
getfacl
|
Get file access control lists |
|
grep
|
Grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern
|
|
groupadd
|
Create a new group |
|
groupdel
|
Delete a group |
|
groupmod
|
Modify a group |
|
gunzip
|
Expand compressed files |
|
gzip
|
Compress files |
|
halt
|
halt, reboot, poweroff - stop the system |
|
hash
|
For each name, the full file name of the command is
determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered |
|
head
|
Output the first part of files |
|
help
|
Display helpful information about builtin commands
|
|
history
|
Display recently executed commands |
|
hostname
|
Show or set the system’s host name |
|
id
|
Print information for USERNAME, or the current user
|
|
ifconfig
|
Display or configure the kernel-resident network interfaces
|
|
jobs
|
Lists the active jobs |
|
join
|
Join lines of two files on a common field. For each pair
of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output
|
|
kill
|
Terminate a process |
|
ld
|
Linker. ld combines a number of object and archive files,
relocates their data and ties up symbol references |
|
ldd
|
Print shared library dependencies |
|
less
|
less is a program similar to more , but it allows backward
movement in the file as well as forward movement |
|
lex
|
Used for pattern matching on text |
|
ln
|
Make links between files |
|
locate
|
Security Enhanced version of the GNU locate. It provides a
secure way to index and quickly search for files on the system |
|
login
|
login is used when signing onto a system. It can also be
used to switch from one user to another at any time |
|
logname
|
Print the name of the current user |
|
logout
|
Exit a login shell |
|
lp
|
Submits files for printing or alters a pending job
|
|
lpadmin
|
Configures printer and class queues provided by CUPS. It can
also be used to set the server default printer or class. |
|
lpc
|
Provides limited control over printer and class queues
provided by CUPS. It can also be used to query the state of queues.
|
|
lpq
|
Shows the current print queue status on the named printer
|
|
lpr
|
Submits files for printing |
|
lprm
|
Cancels print jobs that have been queued for printing
|
|
lpstat
|
Displays status information about the current classes, jobs,
and printers |
|
ls
|
List directory contents |
|
mail
|
Send and receive mail |
|
make
|
The purpose of the make utility is to determine
automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled and
issue the commands to recompile them |
|
man
|
Formats and displays the on-line manual pages |
|
mesg
|
Controls the write access to the user’s terminal by others
|
|
mkdir
|
Make directories |
|
more
|
more is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a
time |
|
mount
|
Mount a file system |
|
mt
|
Control magnetic tape drive operation |
|
mv
|
Move or rename files |
|
neqn
|
Format equations for ASCII output |
|
netstat
|
Print network connections, routing tables, interface
statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships |
|
newgrp
|
Log in to a new group |
|
nice
|
Run a program with modified scheduling priority |
|
nohup
|
Run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
|
|
nslookup
|
Query Internet name servers interactively |
|
passwd
|
Update a user’s authentication tokens(s) |
|
paste
|
Merge lines of files. It write lines consisting of the
sequentially corresponding lines from each file, separated by tabs, to
standard output |
|
perl
|
Practical Extraction and Report Language |
|
pgrep |
Looks through the currently running processes and lists the
process ids which match the selection criteria to stdout |
|
ping
|
Uses the ICMP protocol’s mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to
elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway |
|
pkill
|
Will send the specified signal, by default SIGTERM, to each
process instead of listing them on stdout |
|
poweroff
|
Halt, reboot, poweroff - stop the system |
|
pr
|
Paginate or columnate file(s) for printing |
|
printf
|
Format and print data to the standard output |
|
ps
|
Report process status |
|
pwd
|
Print name of current/working directory |
|
rcp
|
Remote file copy … copies files between machines |
|
reboot
|
Halt, reboot, poweroff - stop the system |
|
red
|
ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create,
display, modify and otherwise manipulate text files. red is a restricted
ed: it can only edit files in the current directory and cannot execute
shell commands. |
|
rlogin
|
Remote login |
|
rm
|
Remove files or directories |
|
rmail
|
Handle remote mail received via uucp |
|
rmdir
|
Remove empty directories |
|
rpcinfo
|
Report remote procedure call (RPC) information. It makes a
RPC call to a RPC server and reports what it finds. |
|
rsh
|
Remote shell |
|
s2p
|
Psed - A stream editor that reads the input stream consisting
of the specified files (or standard input, if none are given), processes it
line by line by applying a script consisting of edit commands, and writes
resulting lines to standard output. |
|
sar
|
Collect, report, or save system activity information
|
|
script
|
Makes a typescript of everything printed on a terminal
|
|
sdiff
|
Find differences between two files and merge interactively
|
|
sed
|
A stream editor. A stream editor is used to perform basic
text transformations on an input stream |
|
sendmail
|
An electronic mail transport agent that sends a message to
one or more recipients, routing the message over whatever networks are
necessary |
|
set
|
Display, set or unset shell attributes. |
|
setenv
|
Change or add an environment variable |
|
setfacl
|
Set file access control lists |
|
sh
|
The bourne shell. bash is an bourne-compatible command
language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or
from a file. |
|
shutdown
|
Brings the system down in a secure way. All logged-in users
are notified that the system is going down, and login is blocked.
|
|
sleep
|
Delay for a specified amount of time or pause for number of
seconds |
|
sort
|
Sort lines of text files |
|
split
|
Split a file into pieces |
|
stty
|
Change and print terminal line settings |
|
su
|
Change the effective user id and group id to that of another
user |
|
sudo
|
Execute a command as another user. It allows a permitted
user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified in
the sudoers file |
|
sysinfo
|
Returns information on overall system statistics |
|
tail
|
Output the last part of files |
|
tar
|
The tar archiving utility |
|
tee
|
Read from standard input and write to standard output and
files |
|
telnet
|
The telnet command is used to communicate with another host
using the TELNET protocol |
|
time
|
Time a simple command or give resource usage |
|
touch
|
Update the access and modification times of each file to
the current time |
|
tput
|
Initialize a terminal or query terminfo database |
|
tr
|
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard
input, writing to standard output |
|
traceroute
|
Print the route packets take to a network host |
|
troff
|
The troff processor of the groff text formatting system
|
|
ul
|
Do underlining |
|
umask
|
Set the user file-creation mask |
|
unalias
|
Remove a named alias from the list of defined aliases
|
|
uname
|
Print certain system information |
|
uncompress
|
Expand compressed data |
|
uniq
|
Remove duplicate lines from a sorted file |
|
useradd
|
Create a new user or update default new user information
|
|
userdel
|
Delete a user account and related files |
|
usermod
|
Modify a user account |
|
vi
|
A powerful text editor. |
|
view
|
Start the vi editor in read-only mode |
|
wait
|
Wait for the specified process and return its termination
status. |
|
wc
|
Print byte, word, and newline counts for each file, and a
total line if more than one file is specified. |
|
whereis
|
Locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a
command |
|
which
|
Shows the full path of shell commands |
|
|
|
|
who
|
Show who is logged on |
|
whois
|
whois searches Whois servers for the named object.
|
|
X
|
The X Window System is a network transparent window system
which runs on a wide range of computing and graphics machines |
|
xfd
|
Display all the characters in an X font |
|
xlsfonts
|
Server font list displayer for X |
|
xrdb
|
X server resource database utility |
|
xset
|
User preference utility for X |
|
xterm
|
The xterm program is a terminal emulator for the X Window
System |
|
zcat
|
Compress or expand files |
